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- POLE DETERMINATIONS OF ASTEROIDS
-
-
- Per Magnusson
-
- Astronomiska observatoriet
- Box 515
- S-75120 Uppsala
- Sweden
-
-
- This is a comprehensive tabulation of determinations of asteroid pole
- orientations and senses of rotation. No weeding out of vague or uncertain
- results has been made. An indication of the reliability (or lack thereof)
- of the solutions may be obtained by comparing results derived from different
- sources of data (see column 2). Discussions of the individual pole
- determination methods including their merits and weaknesses are given
- in the chapter "Determination of Pole Orientations and Shape Parameters of
- Asteroids" appearing in this volume.
-
-
-
- Explaination of table columns
- -----------------------------
-
-
- ASTEROID NUMBER
-
-
- BASIC DATA from which pole coordinates, senses of rotation and rejection
- of spurious solutions are based are designated by the letters:
-
- A = Amplitudes of lightcurves
- D = Individual data-points of photometric lightcurves
- E = Epochs (e.g. times of lightcurve extrema)
- F = Fourier coefficients of photometric lightcurves
- I = Infrared pre- and post-opposition differences
- M = Magnitudes (usually at maximum light)
- O = Occultation observations
- P = Infrared polarimetry
- R = Radar observations
- S = Speckle interferometry
- V = Visual position angles
- Z = Zero and non-zero amplitude apparitions imply pole-on view in former case
-
-
- POLE COORDINATES are given in the ecliptical reference frame of equinox 1950.
- For symmetry reasons, two pole solutions often result for main-belt asteroids
- ,
- thus two sub-columns are tabulated. In order to simplify comparison between
- results, the coordinates always refer to the pole above the orbital plane,
- and the pole longitude is occasionally given outside the range 0-360 degrees.
- The spin direction is indicated by proceeding the coordinates with the
- letter "N" if they refer to the north pole (direction of spin-vector) and
- the letter "S" if the coordinates refer to the south pole (anti-direction of
- spin-vector). The word "rejected" indicates a pole solution shown to be
- inconsistent with observations. A pole solution within parenthesis is
- significantly less likely than the other solution.
-
-
- SENSE OF ROTATION:
-
- - Sense of rotation not determined
- P Prograde rotation
- R Retrograde rotation
- I Indeterminate case
-
- The sense of rotation is termed "Indeterminate" (I) when the spin direction
- is known, but the accuracy of the pole coordinates is insufficient to give
- an unambigous sense of rotation, or the pole is so close to the ecliptic
- and/or orbital plane that forced precession is likely to cause the sense of
- rotation to alternate on a time-scale short compared to the age of the
- planetary system.
-
-
- SIDEREAL PERIOD in days. Due to the usually non-uniform time-distribution of
- the observations sidereal periods tend to be either very accurate or, when
- the number of rotation cycles is wrongly determined, erroneous by hundreds
- of times the expected uncertainty.
-
-
- MODEL. Many pole determination methods are based on a tri-axial ellipsoid model
- with semi-axes a>b>c which rotates about the c-axis. Corrections for non-
- geometric scattering and albedo variegation have often not been made. A
- warning must therefore be made against direct identification of the model
- axis-ratios with the asteroid shape. Values within parenthesis are assumed
- model parameters and not determine values. An "A" indicates a quantitative
- model of albedo variegation. The table is not a comprehensive list of
- asteroid shapes and albedo models, but includes models obtained as by-product
- s
- of pole determinations.
-
-
- REFERENCE CODE referring to the reference list.
-
-
-
- Acknowledgements
- ----------------
-
- I thank Drs. R. Taylor, D.F. Lupishko and F.P. Velichko for pointing out
- several mistakes and omissions in an earlier version of the table and
- Dr. J. Drumond who sent unpublished results.
-